by Robert K. Shepherd, James B. Fallon & Hugh J. McDermott Bionics Institute & Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourn...
by Robert K. Shepherd, James B. Fallon &
Hugh J. McDermott
Bionics
Institute & Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne
Medical Bionics is a multidisciplinary field of
research combining bio(logy) and (electro)nics to develop implantable devices designed
to provide long-term safe and effective sensory or motor function following
damage to nerve or muscle tissue.
Chest Xray with Pacemaker Photo: CardioNetworks: Drj [CC BY-SA 3.0] via Wikimedia Commons |
Importantly, there are a large number of devices currently undergoing development, fuelling expectation that this field will undergo major expansion over the next decade. These devices include retinal prostheses to provide visual cues for the blind; Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) to assist paraplegics stand and walk; DBS to treat severe depression and related psychiatric disorders; vestibular prostheses to assist patients with severe balance disorders; and recording/feedback devices such as brain computer interfaces and peripheral nerve recording arrays to control computer assisted devices including artificial limbs.
While the field is extensive, many of the essential components of these devices are common across applications, including: the use of biocompatible materials; the design of electrode arrays that are mechanically stable and allow safe surgical placement; reliable leadwire assemblies; effective hermetic sealing techniques; versatile low power electronics and safe electrical stimulation strategies. Although the field was pioneered in the 1950s and 1960s by visionaries such as Graeme Clark, using the available materials and technologies of the time, key improvements in technologies - including low power electronics, improved battery technology, wireless power and data communication, materials science, electrode fabrication and hermetic sealing techniques – are combining with more than 50 years of clinical experience to fuel a new revolution in the development of bionic implants designed for a lifetime of use.
A Cochlear Implant by Advanced Bionics (2009) Photo: Tabercil [CC BY-SA 3.0] via Wikimedia Commons |
An electronically active implant requires a source of electrical energy during operation. In existing implantable devices, there are two alternative locations of the energy source in common use. For implants such as heart pacemakers and DBS devices, energy is typically provided by an implanted battery. This battery may be either primary, meaning that it must be replaced when the energy is exhausted, or rechargeable. In the latter case, the battery must be charged periodically, for example using power transferred inductively from an external unit. For other devices, including cochlear implants, energy is provided from an external source whenever the implant is in use. This avoids the need for an implanted battery and the periodic surgical procedure required to replace it. An inductive link between the external source and the implant is generally suitable for the power supply across which energy is transferred by means of a radio-frequency carrier signal.
Photo: Cpl Richard Cave RLC via Wikimedia Commons |
Acknowledgements
This
is an edited extract from: R. K. Shepherd, J. B. Fallon, H. J.
McDermott, “Medical Bionics”. In: Comprehensive Biomedical Physics,
S.-A. Zhou, L. Zhou, Eds. (Elsevier, in press), Vol 10. The Bionics Institute receives
support from the Victorian Government through its Operational Infrastructure
Program.
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